{"id":59039,"date":"2021-01-15T18:03:45","date_gmt":"2021-01-16T02:03:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/how-junk-dna-helps-regulate-circadian-rhythm\/"},"modified":"2024-07-18T15:16:21","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T22:16:21","slug":"comment-l-adn-ind-sirable-aide-r-guler-le-rythme-circadien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/fr\/comment-l-adn-ind-sirable-aide-r-guler-le-rythme-circadien\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment l’ADN ind\u00e9sirable aide \u00e0 r\u00e9guler le rythme circadien"},"content":{"rendered":"

L’expression \u00ab\u00a0ADN poubelle\u00a0\u00bb est utilis\u00e9e depuis des d\u00e9cennies, bien que l’on se rende de plus en plus compte qu’il s’agit d’une appellation erron\u00e9e. Apr\u00e8s tout, le terme \u00ab\u00a0junk\u00a0\u00bb a une connotation d’inutilit\u00e9, alors qu’il serait plus juste de dire que la science ne conna\u00eet pas encore les diff\u00e9rentes fonctions de cette cat\u00e9gorie d’ADN.<\/p>\n

Dans une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9e<\/a> par la Keck School of Medicine de l’Universit\u00e9 de Californie du Sud (USC), des chercheurs ont d\u00e9couvert que ce qu’on appelle l’ADN poubelle<\/a> contribue \u00e0 r\u00e9guler le rythme circadien, offrant ainsi un nouvel aper\u00e7u de la mani\u00e8re dont ce type d’ADN peu connu peut avoir un impact r\u00e9el sur la sant\u00e9 et le bien-\u00eatre en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n

Qu’est-ce que l’ADN poubelle ?<\/h2>\n

\"Horizontal<\/a>C’est en \u00e9tudiant les mutations de l’ADN que le g\u00e9n\u00e9ticien Susumu Ohno a invent\u00e9 le terme \u00a0\u00bb ADN poubelle\u00a0\u00bb<\/a> en 1972. Il a utilis\u00e9 cette expression pour d\u00e9crire les copies suppl\u00e9mentaires ou incompl\u00e8tes de g\u00e8nes pr\u00e9sentes dans les s\u00e9quences d’ADN. Certaines th\u00e9ories consid\u00e8rent que ces sections d’ADN sont des vestiges du processus d’\u00e9volution et qu’elles n’ont pas de v\u00e9ritable fonction chez l’homme moderne. L’usage du terme au sein de la communaut\u00e9 scientifique s’est \u00e9tendu pour englober les s\u00e9quences d’ADN humain qui ne produisent pas de prot\u00e9ines et semblent, dans le cadre des connaissances actuelles, n’avoir aucune fonction biologique \u00e9vidente.<\/p>\n

Cependant, au fur et \u00e0 mesure que les scientifiques en apprenaient davantage sur l’ADN humain, il est apparu que certains de ces ADN dits inutiles jouaient un r\u00f4le important dans la r\u00e9gulation de l’expression des g\u00e8nes et dans toute une s\u00e9rie d’autres fonctions biologiques, y compris la liaison des prot\u00e9ines r\u00e9gulatrices. En effet, \u00e0 mesure que les connaissances sur cette cat\u00e9gorie d’ADN se d\u00e9veloppent, certains scientifiques pensent qu’il est temps de mettre de c\u00f4t\u00e9 le terme \u00ab\u00a0ADN poubelle\u00a0\u00bb. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur r\u00e9cente \u00e9tude, les chercheurs de la Keck School of Medicine ont pu apporter une contribution importante \u00e0 une meilleure compr\u00e9hension du r\u00f4le de cette cat\u00e9gorie d’ADN.<\/p>\n

Comment l’ADN poubelle aide \u00e0 r\u00e9guler le rythme circadien<\/h2>\n

Comme l’explique Steve Kay, professeur de neurologie, d’ing\u00e9nierie biom\u00e9dicale et de biologie quantitative computationnelle \u00e0 la Keck School of Medicine, il existe environ 110 \u00e0 120 micro-ARN (miARN)<\/a> qui contribuent \u00e0 r\u00e9guler le rythme circadien global par leur action sur les horloges circadiennes au niveau cellulaire<\/a>. Consid\u00e9r\u00e9s par le pass\u00e9 comme de l’ADN poubelle, les miARN sont des nucl\u00e9otides non codants.<\/p>\n

Selon les chercheurs, de petites cha\u00eenes de ces miARN cr\u00e9ent une sorte de r\u00e9seau, formant ce qu’ils d\u00e9crivent comme un syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9gulation \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle du g\u00e9nome. Ces petites horloges biologiques font partie d’un syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9gulation beaucoup plus vaste, supervis\u00e9 et synchronis\u00e9 par une horloge ma\u00eetresse<\/a> situ\u00e9e dans le cerveau, qui constitue la base du rythme circadien global.<\/p>\n

En faisant des exp\u00e9riences sur des souris, les chercheurs ont d\u00e9sactiv\u00e9 des groupes de miARN dans diff\u00e9rents types de tissus, y compris des tissus c\u00e9r\u00e9braux et pulmonaires. En plus de produire des changements de comportement chez les souris, les chercheurs ont constat\u00e9 que la d\u00e9sactivation des groupes de miARN dans chaque type de tissu avait un impact diff\u00e9rent sur le rythme circadien. Cela a conduit les chercheurs \u00e0 penser que l’action r\u00e9gulatrice des miARN est sp\u00e9cifique au type de tissu dans lequel ils sont pr\u00e9sents.<\/p>\n

Comprendre les horloges corporelles<\/h2>\n

Le corps est un syst\u00e8me tr\u00e8s complexe dans lequel d’innombrables r\u00e9actions chimiques se produisent chaque jour. Les horloges corporelles, ou horloges biologiques<\/a>, sont pr\u00e9sentes dans presque tous les organes et tissus de l’organisme, organisant la synchronisation de leurs fonctions sur une p\u00e9riode de 24 heures.<\/p>\n

M\u00eame au niveau cellulaire, il existe des horloges biologiques<\/a> fonctionnant selon un cycle circadien, c’est-\u00e0-dire environ 24 heures. Le d\u00e9r\u00e8glement de ces horloges biologiques peut contribuer \u00e0 une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de maladies et de troubles chroniques. C’est pourquoi les scientifiques cherchent \u00e0 approfondir leur compr\u00e9hension de ces syst\u00e8mes de r\u00e9gulation fondamentaux.<\/p>\n

Le rythme circadien et la sant\u00e9<\/h2>\n

Le lien entre le rythme circadien et la sant\u00e9<\/a> est d\u00e9j\u00e0 bien \u00e9tabli. Les perturbations du rythme circadien ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fermement associ\u00e9es \u00e0 un risque accru d’un large \u00e9ventail de maladies physiques, notamment certains types de cancer<\/a>, le diab\u00e8te, l’ob\u00e9sit\u00e9<\/a> et les maladies cardiaques<\/a>. L’alt\u00e9ration des fonctions cognitives et les troubles de l’humeur ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 li\u00e9s \u00e0 la perturbation du rythme circadien<\/a>. Les perturbations du rythme circadien sont souvent dues \u00e0 des perturbations du cycle de sommeil.<\/p>\n

La diminution de l’exposition \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re naturelle<\/a>, l’augmentation de l’exposition \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re artificielle le soir et le travail post\u00e9 figurent parmi les principales causes de perturbation du cycle du sommeil. Un cycle de sommeil perturb\u00e9 peut entra\u00eener des d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres hormonaux. Ces d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres hormonaux contribuent \u00e0 de nombreuses maladies et affections chroniques, notamment le cancer du sein<\/a> et les troubles du syst\u00e8me m\u00e9tabolique<\/a>. Les perturbations du rythme circadien peuvent \u00e9galement avoir un impact sur l’efficacit\u00e9 des traitements de ces maladies.<\/p>\n

Potentiel pour le traitement et la pr\u00e9vention des maladies<\/h2>\n

\"Horizontal<\/a>Les chercheurs de la Keck School of Medicine ont \u00e9t\u00e9 surpris par la mesure dans laquelle ce qui \u00e9tait consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme de l’ADN poubelle contribue \u00e0 r\u00e9guler le rythme circadien au niveau cellulaire, et encourag\u00e9s par le potentiel de cette d\u00e9couverte. Comprendre comment les miARN influencent l’horloge biologique des tissus pulmonaires, par exemple, pourrait permettre de mettre au point des traitements<\/a> plus efficaces contre l’asthme<\/a> et d’autres affections pulmonaires chroniques. Une connaissance plus approfondie de la mani\u00e8re dont les miARN influencent l’horloge biologique des tissus c\u00e9r\u00e9braux pourrait permettre de pr\u00e9venir des affections telles que la maladie d’Alzheimer. Le professeur Kay, doyen de l’universit\u00e9, a soulign\u00e9 les nombreuses possibilit\u00e9s m\u00e9dicales offertes par une meilleure connaissance des m\u00e9canismes de fonctionnement des rythmes circadiens dans les diff\u00e9rents types de tissus humains.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L’expression \u00ab\u00a0ADN poubelle\u00a0\u00bb est utilis\u00e9e depuis des d\u00e9cennies, bien que l’on se rende de plus en plus compte qu’il s’agit d’une appellation erron\u00e9e. Apr\u00e8s tout, le terme \u00ab\u00a0junk\u00a0\u00bb a une connotation d’inutilit\u00e9, alors qu’il serait plus juste de dire que la science ne conna\u00eet pas encore les diff\u00e9rentes fonctions de cette cat\u00e9gorie d’ADN. Dans une […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":35269,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[174,242,255],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-59039","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-le-rythme-circadien","8":"category-sante-des-cellules","9":"category-sommeil","10":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nComment l'ADN ind\u00e9sirable aide \u00e0 r\u00e9guler le rythme circadien – Chronobiology.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Once thought to serve no purpose, researchers have found that junk DNA helps regulate circadian rhythm, thereby impacting 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