{"id":58695,"date":"2018-06-26T16:05:06","date_gmt":"2018-06-26T23:05:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/circadian-clock-gene-linked-to-drug-addiction\/"},"modified":"2024-07-18T14:57:37","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T21:57:37","slug":"un-g-ne-de-l-horloge-circadienne-li-la-toxicomanie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/fr\/un-g-ne-de-l-horloge-circadienne-li-la-toxicomanie\/","title":{"rendered":"Un g\u00e8ne de l’horloge circadienne li\u00e9 \u00e0 la toxicomanie"},"content":{"rendered":"

Des recherches de plus en plus nombreuses ont permis d’identifier un g\u00e8ne primaire de l’horloge circadienne li\u00e9 \u00e0 la toxicomanie. Selon les scientifiques, le m\u00eame g\u00e8ne qui r\u00e9git les nombreux rythmes circadiens de l’organisme joue \u00e9galement un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gulation du syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense du cerveau et pourrait potentiellement influencer la probabilit\u00e9 d’un comportement addictif.<\/p>\n

L’impact des rythmes circadiens sur la d\u00e9pendance<\/h2>\n

\"Circadian<\/a>La toxicomanie est depuis longtemps une \u00e9pid\u00e9mie pratiquement silencieuse, malgr\u00e9 ses cons\u00e9quences sociales et \u00e9conomiques de grande ampleur. Rien qu’aux \u00c9tats-Unis, plus de 63 000 personnes meurent chaque ann\u00e9e d’une overdose. Selon les donn\u00e9es du CDC, 115 Am\u00e9ricains en moyenne<\/a> mourront chaque jour d’une overdose d’opio\u00efdes. Pour certains scientifiques, mieux comprendre les m\u00e9canismes qui sous-tendent les comportements addictifs est devenu un imp\u00e9ratif moral.<\/p>\n

La recherche a montr\u00e9 que les troubles li\u00e9s \u00e0 l’abus de substances coexistent souvent avec des perturbations du rythme circadien, notamment des interf\u00e9rences avec les cycles veille-sommeil. Ces perturbations aggravent encore les sympt\u00f4mes de la d\u00e9pendance. Outre les facteurs environnementaux, les perturbations mol\u00e9culaires des m\u00e9canismes circadiens peuvent en fait pr\u00e9disposer certaines personnes \u00e0 un comportement addictif. Les chercheurs ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 s’efforcer de mieux comprendre ce qui semble \u00eatre une relation \u00e0 double sens entre la d\u00e9pendance et notre horloge biologique<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Dans un rapport publi\u00e9 en ligne par les Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em><\/a>, les chercheurs ont examin\u00e9 comment le g\u00e8ne qui maintient les horloges circadiennes de l’organisme<\/a> peut \u00e9galement jouer un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans la toxicomanie. Les chercheurs ont d\u00e9couvert que le g\u00e8ne de l’horloge biologique contribue \u00e0 r\u00e9guler le syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense du cerveau. Agissant comme un r\u00e9gulateur n\u00e9gatif des r\u00e9compenses li\u00e9es aux drogues, le g\u00e8ne influence potentiellement les qualit\u00e9s addictives de drogues telles que l’alcool, la coca\u00efne, les m\u00e9thamph\u00e9tamines et les opio\u00efdes.<\/p>\n

Selon l’auteur principal de l’\u00e9tude, le Dr Colleen A. McClung<\/a>, \u00ab\u00a0nous avons d\u00e9couvert que le g\u00e8ne Clock n’est pas seulement impliqu\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gulation des cycles veille-sommeil, mais qu’il est \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s impliqu\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gulation des r\u00e9ponses de r\u00e9compense aux drogues d’abus. Il le fait en agissant sur les voies de la dopamine\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Dopamine, r\u00e9compenses n\u00e9gatives et comportements addictifs<\/h2>\n

Les drogues souvent consomm\u00e9es, comme l’alcool et la coca\u00efne, s’appuient directement sur le syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense dopaminergique<\/a> et d’autres voies de signalisation pour promouvoir leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s addictives. Dans le cerveau, la dopamine agit comme un neurotransmetteur qui contr\u00f4le les centres de r\u00e9compense et de plaisir. La dopamine est responsable de la r\u00e9gulation des mouvements et des r\u00e9actions \u00e9motionnelles. C’est elle qui nous permet d’\u00eatre conscients des r\u00e9compenses, qui nous incite \u00e0 agir pour rechercher ces r\u00e9compenses et qui nous procure in\u00e9vitablement les sentiments de plaisir gratifiant que procurent les stimuli.<\/p>\n

D’autres \u00e9tudes<\/a> ont mis en \u00e9vidence le r\u00f4le du rythme circadien dans la r\u00e9gulation de l’activit\u00e9 dopaminergique de r\u00e9compense. Presque tous les aspects du syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense dopaminergique sont soumis \u00e0 l’influence circadienne et pr\u00e9sentent des sch\u00e9mas de variation diurne<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Dans le cadre de ses travaux, l’\u00e9quipe de McClung a observ\u00e9 que lorsque des souris d\u00e9pourvues du g\u00e8ne Clock recevaient de la coca\u00efne, elles \u00e9taient plus affect\u00e9es par la drogue que les souris poss\u00e9dant le g\u00e8ne Clock. Les souris d\u00e9ficientes en horloge \u00e9taient plus hyperactives, subissaient une plus grande perturbation du rythme circadien et \u00e9taient r\u00e9compens\u00e9es par une production plus importante de dopamine que les souris t\u00e9moins.<\/p>\n

Selon le Dr McClung, \u00ab\u00a0nous avons suivi les cellules dopaminergiques dans le cerveau des souris et nous avons constat\u00e9 que ces cellules se d\u00e9clenchaient plus rapidement et pr\u00e9sentaient un sch\u00e9ma appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0bursting\u00a0\u00bb, qui entra\u00eene une lib\u00e9ration de dopamine anormalement importante. Nous avons \u00e9galement constat\u00e9 que ces souris produisaient et lib\u00e9raient plus de dopamine dans des conditions normales, mais surtout apr\u00e8s une exposition \u00e0 la coca\u00efne\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

L’\u00e9quipe pense que cela sugg\u00e8re que le g\u00e8ne de l’horloge qui contr\u00f4le les rythmes circadiens du corps est \u00e9galement un r\u00e9gulateur cl\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense du cerveau. Si tel est le cas, il pourrait avoir une influence directe sur les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s addictives de drogues telles que la coca\u00efne.<\/p>\n

Recherches compl\u00e9mentaires sur le lien entre le g\u00e8ne de l’horloge et la toxicomanie<\/h2>\n

\"Circadian<\/a>Le docteur Eric Nestler, auteur principal de l’\u00e9tude, pense que les r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent qu’il existe un lien entre le d\u00e9r\u00e8glement du rythme circadien et la probabilit\u00e9 d’abuser de drogues. Selon le Dr Nestler, \u00ab\u00a0la plupart des travaux sur l’horloge se sont concentr\u00e9s sur le pacemaker principal du cerveau, situ\u00e9 dans une zone c\u00e9r\u00e9brale appel\u00e9e noyau suprachiasmatique. La nouveaut\u00e9 des d\u00e9couvertes du Dr McClung r\u00e9side dans le r\u00f4le que joue l’horloge dans les voies c\u00e9r\u00e9brales de la r\u00e9compense. La prochaine \u00e9tape consistera \u00e0 examiner l’horloge et les g\u00e8nes apparent\u00e9s chez les toxicomanes humains\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Il s’av\u00e8re que de nombreux g\u00e8nes circadiens sont associ\u00e9s aux comportements addictifs. Dans une \u00e9tude publi\u00e9e dans Behavioural Brain Research<\/em><\/a>, des chercheurs de Dartmouth<\/a> ont examin\u00e9 comment la famille de g\u00e8nes Period, li\u00e9e au cycle veille-sommeil, \u00e9tait associ\u00e9e \u00e0 l’abus d’alcool. Les chercheurs ont constat\u00e9 que les souris porteuses d’un g\u00e8ne Per mut\u00e9 \u00e9taient plus susceptibles de s’adonner \u00e0 la consommation excessive d’alcool, ayant une tol\u00e9rance plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e \u00e0 l’alcool et le m\u00e9tabolisant \u00e0 un taux plus faible que les souris ne pr\u00e9sentant pas la mutation.<\/p>\n

Dans une autre \u00e9tude publi\u00e9e dans la revue Genes, Brain, and Behavior<\/em><\/a>, un g\u00e8ne particulier du rythme circadien, CSNK1E<\/a>, a \u00e9t\u00e9 directement associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la fr\u00e9n\u00e9sie alimentaire, \u00e0 la d\u00e9pendance aux opio\u00efdes et pourrait \u00e9galement jouer un r\u00f4le dans certains cas de d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l’alcool. Les auteurs de cette \u00e9tude, des chercheurs du Boston University Medical Center, ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \u00ab\u00a0l’interaction potentielle de CSNK1E avec la biologie circadienne dans la d\u00e9pendance est un domaine d’investigation inexplor\u00e9 qui pourrait \u00eatre une pi\u00e8ce cruciale du puzzle pour comprendre pleinement son r\u00f4le dans les d\u00e9pendances\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Des recherches suppl\u00e9mentaires sont n\u00e9cessaires pour comprendre pleinement les m\u00e9canismes qui sous-tendent la relation entre les rythmes circadiens et la d\u00e9pendance, mais il est clair qu’il existe un lien bidirectionnel et que ces connaissances pourraient permettre de mieux comprendre et traiter la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l’avenir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Des recherches de plus en plus nombreuses ont permis d’identifier un g\u00e8ne primaire de l’horloge circadienne li\u00e9 \u00e0 la toxicomanie. Selon les scientifiques, le m\u00eame g\u00e8ne qui r\u00e9git les nombreux rythmes circadiens de l’organisme joue \u00e9galement un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gulation du syst\u00e8me de r\u00e9compense du cerveau et pourrait potentiellement influencer la probabilit\u00e9 d’un […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":22263,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[174],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-58695","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-le-rythme-circadien","8":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUn g\u00e8ne de l'horloge circadienne li\u00e9 \u00e0 la toxicomanie – Chronobiology.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Increasing research has linked the body\u2019s primary circadian clock gene and drug addiction. 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