{"id":58585,"date":"2017-10-02T13:17:00","date_gmt":"2017-10-02T20:17:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/circadian-rhythm-discoveries-win-nobel-prize\/"},"modified":"2024-07-18T14:54:10","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T21:54:10","slug":"les-d-couvertes-sur-le-rythme-circadien-remportent-le-prix-nobel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/fr\/les-d-couvertes-sur-le-rythme-circadien-remportent-le-prix-nobel\/","title":{"rendered":"Les d\u00e9couvertes sur le rythme circadien remportent le prix Nobel"},"content":{"rendered":"

La communaut\u00e9 des chronobiologistes a re\u00e7u lundi l’une des plus hautes reconnaissances : le prix Nobel de physiologie ou de m\u00e9decine a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cern\u00e9 \u00e0 trois Am\u00e9ricains pour leurs d\u00e9couvertes sur la mani\u00e8re dont les horloges internes et les rythmes biologiques r\u00e9gissent la vie humaine.<\/p>\n

Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash et Michael W. Young ont re\u00e7u le prix \u00ab\u00a0pour leurs d\u00e9couvertes des m\u00e9canismes mol\u00e9culaires contr\u00f4lant le rythme circadien\u00a0\u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 la Fondation Nobel. Les travaux du trio expliquent comment les plantes, les animaux et les humains adaptent leurs rythmes biologiques en synchronisation avec les rotations de la Terre.<\/p>\n

Identification des g\u00e8nes de l’horloge interne<\/h2>\n

Selon le r\u00e9sum\u00e9 de la d\u00e9couverte, l’Assembl\u00e9e Nobel du Karolinska Institutet :<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0En utilisant la mouche des fruits comme organisme mod\u00e8le, les laur\u00e9ats du prix Nobel de cette ann\u00e9e ont isol\u00e9 un g\u00e8ne qui contr\u00f4le le rythme biologique quotidien normal. Ils ont montr\u00e9 que ce g\u00e8ne code pour une prot\u00e9ine qui s’accumule dans la cellule pendant la nuit et qui est ensuite d\u00e9grad\u00e9e pendant la journ\u00e9e. Par la suite, ils ont identifi\u00e9 d’autres composants prot\u00e9iques de cette machinerie, r\u00e9v\u00e9lant ainsi le m\u00e9canisme qui r\u00e9git l’horloge auto-entretenue \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur de la cellule. Nous savons aujourd’hui que les horloges biologiques fonctionnent selon les m\u00eames principes dans les cellules d’autres organismes multicellulaires, y compris l’homme.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Avec une pr\u00e9cision exquise, notre horloge interne adapte notre physiologie aux diff\u00e9rentes phases de la journ\u00e9e. L’horloge r\u00e9gule des fonctions essentielles telles que le comportement, les niveaux d’hormones, le sommeil, la temp\u00e9rature corporelle et le m\u00e9tabolisme\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Origines au 18e si\u00e8cle<\/h2>\n

\"Circadian<\/a>Lorsque l’astronome Jacques d’Ortous de Mairan a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 le mimosa auXVIIIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, il a d\u00e9couvert que les feuilles de la plante s’ouvraient vers le soleil pendant la journ\u00e9e et se refermaient au cr\u00e9puscule, d\u00e9couvrant ainsi que les plantes avaient leur propre horloge biologique. Il a ainsi d\u00e9couvert que les plantes avaient leur propre horloge biologique. Cela a conduit \u00e0 la d\u00e9couverte que les humains et les animaux avaient \u00e9galement une horloge biologique et des fluctuations physiologiques quotidiennes. Cette adaptation quotidienne est appel\u00e9e rythme circadien.<\/p>\n

L’horloge interne contr\u00f4le toute une s\u00e9rie de fonctions corporelles<\/h2>\n

Les laur\u00e9ats du prix Nobel de cette ann\u00e9e ont cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 comprendre comment cette horloge interne fonctionne r\u00e9ellement. Hall et Rosbash avaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 isol\u00e9 le g\u00e8ne period en 1984, puis d\u00e9couvert que PER (la prot\u00e9ine cod\u00e9e par period) s’accumulait pendant la nuit et se d\u00e9gradait pendant la journ\u00e9e, prouvant ainsi que les niveaux de prot\u00e9ine PER oscillent sur un cycle de 24 heures en synchronisation avec le rythme circadien. Young a ensuite d\u00e9couvert un deuxi\u00e8me g\u00e8ne d’horloge, appel\u00e9 timeless, qui code pour la prot\u00e9ine TIM n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 un rythme circadien normal. Young a ainsi montr\u00e9 que lorsque la prot\u00e9ine TIM se lie \u00e0 PER, les prot\u00e9ines p\u00e9n\u00e8trent dans le noyau cellulaire et bloquent le g\u00e8ne period. Cette boucle de r\u00e9troaction a permis de comprendre comment se produit l’oscillation des prot\u00e9ines cellulaires. Young a ensuite identifi\u00e9 le g\u00e8ne doubletime (DBT) qui retarde l’accumulation de la prot\u00e9ine PER.<\/p>\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ces d\u00e9couvertes, ils ont appris que tous les organismes multicellulaires, y compris l’homme, utilisent des m\u00e9canismes similaires pour contr\u00f4ler les rythmes circadiens. Au cours des diff\u00e9rentes phases de la journ\u00e9e, l’organisme est pr\u00e9par\u00e9 \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents processus. Par exemple, le cortisol est lib\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 6 heures du matin, la vigilance est \u00e9lev\u00e9e \u00e0 9 heures et la coordination est optimale \u00e0 la mi-journ\u00e9e, vers 15 heures, les temps de r\u00e9action \u00e9tant alors les plus rapides. La temp\u00e9rature corporelle la plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e se situe vers 18 heures, la tension art\u00e9rielle la plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e dans la soir\u00e9e, suivie de la s\u00e9cr\u00e9tion de m\u00e9latonine vers 22 heures. Le sommeil le plus profond du cycle se produit apr\u00e8s minuit, suivi de la temp\u00e9rature corporelle la plus basse vers 3 heures du matin, puis le cycle recommence.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La communaut\u00e9 des chronobiologistes a re\u00e7u lundi l’une des plus hautes reconnaissances : le prix Nobel de physiologie ou de m\u00e9decine a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cern\u00e9 \u00e0 trois Am\u00e9ricains pour leurs d\u00e9couvertes sur la mani\u00e8re dont les horloges internes et les rythmes biologiques r\u00e9gissent la vie humaine. Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash et Michael W. Young ont […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":25856,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[174,255],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-58585","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-le-rythme-circadien","8":"category-sommeil","9":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLes d\u00e9couvertes sur le rythme circadien remportent le prix Nobel – Chronobiology.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was awarded to three Americans for their discovery on how internal clocks & biological rhythms govern human life.\" \/>\n<meta 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