{"id":58515,"date":"2017-03-31T10:02:36","date_gmt":"2017-03-31T17:02:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/your-internal-clock-has-a-helper-the-astrocyte\/"},"modified":"2024-07-18T14:52:50","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T21:52:50","slug":"votre-horloge-interne-a-une-aide-l-astrocyte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/fr\/votre-horloge-interne-a-une-aide-l-astrocyte\/","title":{"rendered":"Votre horloge interne a une aide : L’astrocyte"},"content":{"rendered":"

On pensait autrefois que les astrocytes avaient un r\u00f4le simple et unique de soutien structurel dans le cerveau. Cependant, de nouvelles recherches sugg\u00e8rent qu’ils jouent un r\u00f4le important dans le r\u00e9glage de votre horloge interne.<\/p>\n

Notre cerveau est constitu\u00e9 de nombreux types de cellules. La plupart des gens connaissent les neurones, qui envoient et re\u00e7oivent des impulsions \u00e9lectriques \u00e0 l’origine de nos pens\u00e9es et de nos actions. Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que les astrocytes, un autre type de cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales, sont plus importants qu’on ne le pensait, notamment en ce qui concerne le chronom\u00e9trage et l’activit\u00e9 de notre horloge principale.<\/p>\n

Qu’est-ce qu’un astrocyte ?<\/h2>\n

Les astrocytes sont les h\u00e9ros m\u00e9connus de notre cerveau, car ils offrent structure et protection \u00e0 d’autres cellules et tissus d\u00e9licats<\/a>. Les astrocytes ont souvent la forme d’une \u00e9toile, d’o\u00f9 leur nom. Ils contribuent \u00e0 guider la croissance du cerveau, \u00e0 stocker et \u00e0 distribuer les nutriments et \u00e0 maintenir la barri\u00e8re h\u00e9mato-enc\u00e9phalique. Sans ces minuscules cellules, notre cerveau ne se d\u00e9velopperait pas et ne fonctionnerait pas. R\u00e9cemment, on a d\u00e9couvert qu’elles \u00e9taient \u00e9galement impliqu\u00e9es dans toute une s\u00e9rie d’autres fonctions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales, notamment l’apprentissage et le m\u00e9tabolisme. De nouvelles recherches ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que les astrocytes jouent \u00e9galement un r\u00f4le tr\u00e8s important dans le noyau suprachiasmatique, l’horloge ma\u00eetresse du cerveau.<\/p>\n

Comment l’organisme mesure-t-il l’heure ?<\/h2>\n

\"Your<\/a>Le noyau suprachiasmatique, ou NSC, fonctionne comme une horloge ma\u00eetresse dans notre cerveau<\/a>. Il coordonne les signaux provenant de la r\u00e9tine et d’autres organes pour ajuster nos horloges internes. L’activit\u00e9 des cellules du noyau suprachiasmatique oscille \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents rythmes en fonction de l’heure per\u00e7ue, ce qui permet de transmettre des messages sur le temps \u00e0 d’autres parties du cerveau et du corps. Notre cerveau peut alors cr\u00e9er des hormones telles que la m\u00e9latonine et faciliter notre cycle veille-sommeil.<\/p>\n

Les astrocytes et votre horloge-m\u00e8re<\/h2>\n

Depuis plus de dix ans, les chercheurs tentent d’\u00e9tudier le r\u00f4le des astrocytes dans le noyau suprachiasmatique, car ces cellules repr\u00e9sentent une part importante des cellules de cette r\u00e9gion du cerveau. Ils ont r\u00e9cemment eu l’id\u00e9e d’attacher une prot\u00e9ine bioluminescente \u00e0 certains g\u00e8nes<\/a> dans les astrocytes de souris \u00e0 l’aide d’un virus. Les scientifiques ont ainsi pu voir \u00e0 quel moment certains g\u00e8nes des astrocytes s’exprimaient. Les astrocytes pr\u00e9sentaient un rythme circadien particulier, activant et d\u00e9sactivant les g\u00e8nes de mani\u00e8re pr\u00e9visible tout au long du cycle veille-sommeil des souris.<\/p>\n

Pourquoi \u00e9tudier les souris ? Les souris ont un rythme circadien tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9visible et facile \u00e0 observer. Les souris courent, dorment et effectuent d’autres activit\u00e9s \u00e0 des moments pr\u00e9visibles de la journ\u00e9e. Par exemple, elles commencent \u00e0 courir sur une roue \u00e0 la m\u00eame minute chaque jour, \u00e0 moins que leur rythme circadien ne soit perturb\u00e9. Lorsque les g\u00e8nes de l’horloge circadienne de leurs astrocytes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 supprim\u00e9s \u00e0 l’aide d’une nouvelle technologie d’\u00e9dition de g\u00e8nes, ce sch\u00e9ma s’est modifi\u00e9. Ils ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 courir plus tard que pr\u00e9vu. De m\u00eame, ils ont couru plus t\u00f4t que d’habitude lorsque les horloges g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques de leurs astrocytes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 manipul\u00e9es pour qu’ils courent plus vite. Ces effets se sont produits m\u00eame sans modification des neurones des souris, ce qui sugg\u00e8re que les astrocytes font partie int\u00e9grante de la d\u00e9termination du rythme circadien du SCN. Matt Tso, un scientifique qui a travaill\u00e9 sur cette \u00e9tude \u00e0 l’universit\u00e9 Washington de Saint-Louis, admet que ce r\u00e9sultat est surprenant :<\/p>\n

\n

\u00ab\u00a0Nous nous attendions \u00e0 ce que le SCN suive le rythme des neurones. Il y a dix fois plus de neurones que d’astrocytes dans le SCN. Pourquoi le comportement suivrait-il celui des astrocytes ?<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

R\u00e9glage des horloges internes<\/h2>\n

Les neurones et les astrocytes semblent travailler ensemble pour maintenir notre horloge principale<\/a> et faire en sorte que nos cellules fonctionnent \u00e0 temps. Les neurones semblent \u00eatre plus actifs pendant la journ\u00e9e, tandis que les astrocytes sont plus occup\u00e9s la nuit, ce qui sugg\u00e8re que ces deux types de cellules coordonnent leur activit\u00e9. Les astrocytes lib\u00e8rent du glutamate lorsqu’ils sont actifs, ce qui inhibe les neurones. Lorsque l’activit\u00e9 des astrocytes commence \u00e0 diminuer, la baisse des niveaux de glutamate permet aux neurones de reprendre leur activit\u00e9. Rob Jackson, de l’universit\u00e9 de Tufts, note que ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9 chez les lucioles et d’autres animaux :<\/p>\n

\n

\u00ab\u00a0Il est tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressant de constater que les astrocytes forment des \u00e9l\u00e9ments des circuits qui r\u00e9gissent le comportement rythmique, chez des animaux allant de la mouche… \u00e0 la souris. Il s’agit probablement d’un m\u00e9canisme tr\u00e8s g\u00e9n\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Vous avez probablement entendu le dicton \u00ab\u00a0Il faut de tout\u00a0\u00bb, qui fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence aux personnes. Toutefois, ce dicton s’applique tout particuli\u00e8rement au cerveau. Notre cerveau n\u00e9cessite l’action de nombreux types de cellules pour r\u00e9gler notre horloge principale, former nos pens\u00e9es et nous aider \u00e0 \u00eatre uniques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On pensait autrefois que les astrocytes avaient un r\u00f4le simple et unique de soutien structurel dans le cerveau. Cependant, de nouvelles recherches sugg\u00e8rent qu’ils jouent un r\u00f4le important dans le r\u00e9glage de votre horloge interne. Notre cerveau est constitu\u00e9 de nombreux types de cellules. La plupart des gens connaissent les neurones, qui envoient et re\u00e7oivent […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":25512,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[174,253,255],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-58515","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-le-rythme-circadien","8":"category-metabolisme","9":"category-sommeil","10":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nYour Internal Clock has a Helper: The Astrocyte<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Astrocytes were once believed to have a single, simple role as structural support in the brain. 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