{"id":58465,"date":"2016-12-09T10:46:42","date_gmt":"2016-12-09T18:46:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/peeling-layers-off-workings-master-clock\/"},"modified":"2024-07-18T14:51:52","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T21:51:52","slug":"l-horloge-ma-tresse-un-fonctionnement-en-couches-successives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/fr\/l-horloge-ma-tresse-un-fonctionnement-en-couches-successives\/","title":{"rendered":"L’horloge ma\u00eetresse : un fonctionnement en couches successives"},"content":{"rendered":"

Des recherches sugg\u00e8rent qu’une enzyme appel\u00e9e glycog\u00e8ne synthase kinase 3 pourrait \u00eatre un r\u00e9gulateur important de l’horloge ma\u00eetresse de votre cerveau.<\/p>\n

Vous sentez-vous plus alerte \u00e0 certains moments de la journ\u00e9e ? Que vous soyez du matin ou du soir, la plupart d’entre nous avons des moments pr\u00e9cis o\u00f9 nous nous sentons au top de notre forme. Ce regain d’\u00e9nergie quotidien n’est pas une co\u00efncidence, mais plut\u00f4t une fonction de notre horloge interne. Nous sommes pr\u00e9par\u00e9s \u00e0 avoir plus d’\u00e9nergie et une pens\u00e9e plus claire \u00e0 certains moments de la journ\u00e9e, alors que nous nous sentons plus somnolents et s\u00e9dentaires \u00e0 d’autres. Les cellules et les prot\u00e9ines qui composent le noyau suprachiasmatique du cerveau r\u00e9gulent ce cycle quotidien individuel.<\/p>\n

Qu’est-ce que le noyau suprachiasmatique ?<\/h2>\n

La coordination de votre activit\u00e9 physiologique avec les signaux du monde ext\u00e9rieur est une t\u00e2che complexe g\u00e9r\u00e9e par une petite partie de l’hypothalamus c\u00e9r\u00e9bral appel\u00e9e noyau suprachiasmatique<\/a>. Ce minuscule organe est compos\u00e9 de seulement 42 000 neurones qui re\u00e7oivent des signaux de la r\u00e9tine des yeux et communiquent les informations qu’ils re\u00e7oivent aux zones correspondantes du cerveau. Le noyau suprachiasmatique (NSC) pr\u00e9sente des impulsions rythmiques d’activit\u00e9 qui fonctionnent comme le tic-tac de l’horloge biologique, indiquant \u00e0 d’autres parties du cerveau et du corps de lib\u00e9rer des hormones et d’autres substances biochimiques qui coordonnent le cycle veille-sommeil.<\/p>\n

Comment l’activit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique et les hormones sont-elles coordonn\u00e9es ? Comme d’autres parties du cerveau, le SCN poss\u00e8de un certain nombre de prot\u00e9ines qui r\u00e9gulent sa fonction. Des recherches r\u00e9centes montrent qu’une enzyme appel\u00e9e GSK3<\/a>, ou glycog\u00e8ne synthase kinase 3, est l’un des \u00ab\u00a0engrenages\u00a0\u00bb les plus importants de l’horloge centrale, agissant comme un coupleur entre les impulsions \u00e9lectriques et biochimiques.<\/p>\n

GSK3 et le cycle veille-sommeil<\/h2>\n

\"Peeling<\/a>Lorsque les cellules SCN sont maintenues en vie dans une bo\u00eete de P\u00e9tri, elles pr\u00e9sentent des cycles distincts d’activit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e et faible. Ces cycles suivent un intervalle d’environ 24 heures, ou rythme circadien. Lorsqu’elles se trouvent dans votre cerveau plut\u00f4t que dans un laboratoire, les cellules du SCN pr\u00e9sentent toujours un rythme circadien, mais elles ajustent \u00e9galement leur activit\u00e9 en fonction d’indices provenant du monde ext\u00e9rieur, tels que la lumi\u00e8re. La glycog\u00e8ne synthase kinase 3 semble r\u00e9guler cette activit\u00e9. Elle modifie l’importance du flux de sodium qui traverse les membranes des cellules nerveuses du SCN. Ce flux de sodium, appel\u00e9 courant sodique persistant, augmente le nombre d’ions sodium pendant la journ\u00e9e, ce qui permet aux cellules nerveuses du SCN de s’activer rapidement, cr\u00e9ant ainsi un barrage d’impulsions \u00e9lectriques. La nuit, le nombre d’ions sodium diminue et l’activit\u00e9 du SCN d\u00e9cro\u00eet. La GSK3 semble \u00eatre r\u00e9gul\u00e9e par des messagers biochimiques, ce qui constitue un lien important entre les signaux hormonaux et \u00e9lectriques qui composent l’activit\u00e9 c\u00e9r\u00e9brale.<\/p>\n

Chronopharmacologie, GSK3 et mise \u00e0 l’heure de votre horloge-m\u00e8re<\/h2>\n

De nouvelles recherches en chronobiologie sur GSK3 pourraient avoir des implications importantes dans le traitement des maladies humaines. GSK3 est la prot\u00e9ine cibl\u00e9e par plusieurs m\u00e9dicaments courants<\/a>. Il s’agit notamment du lithium, un traitement courant des troubles bipolaires, et du riluzole, utilis\u00e9 pour ralentir la progression de la SLA ou maladie de Lou Gehrig. Ces m\u00e9dicaments sont aussi parfois utilis\u00e9s pour traiter des cas graves de d\u00e9pression, d’anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et d’autres maladies mentales.<\/p>\n

\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que l’activit\u00e9 de GSK3 varie au cours d’un cycle de 24 heures, il est fort probable qu’il soit plus efficace de prendre des m\u00e9dicaments agissant sur cette enzyme \u00e0 certains moments de la journ\u00e9e. La chronopharmacologie est une pratique<\/a> de plus en plus r\u00e9pandue qui consiste \u00e0 programmer les m\u00e9dicaments de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce qu’ils soient plus efficaces et qu’ils aient moins d’effets secondaires. La recherche moderne a montr\u00e9 que la chronopharmacologie peut affecter le traitement de maladies aussi diverses que l’hypertension et le cancer du sein. Les personnes qui prennent des m\u00e9dicaments agissant sur GSK3 peuvent obtenir plus d’effets th\u00e9rapeutiques et moins d’effets secondaires si elles prennent ces m\u00e9dicaments au bon moment.<\/p>\n

Notre SCN est une horloge ma\u00eetresse \u00e9troitement contr\u00f4l\u00e9e qui aide \u00e0 r\u00e9guler l’activit\u00e9 de chaque cellule de notre corps gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un ensemble complexe d’engrenages \u00e9lectriques et biochimiques. Les recherches qui permettent d’en savoir plus sur ces engrenages et leurs fonctions peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour traiter plus efficacement des maladies d\u00e9vastatrices et am\u00e9liorer la sant\u00e9 en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. La prochaine fois que vous vous sentirez alerte, \u00e9nergique et en pleine possession de vos moyens, vous pourrez probablement remercier GSK3 et d’autres prot\u00e9ines circadiennes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Des recherches sugg\u00e8rent qu’une enzyme appel\u00e9e glycog\u00e8ne synthase kinase 3 pourrait \u00eatre un r\u00e9gulateur important de l’horloge ma\u00eetresse de votre cerveau. Vous sentez-vous plus alerte \u00e0 certains moments de la journ\u00e9e ? Que vous soyez du matin ou du soir, la plupart d’entre nous avons des moments pr\u00e9cis o\u00f9 nous nous sentons au top de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":25216,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[245,174,255],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-58465","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-chronotype-fr","8":"category-le-rythme-circadien","9":"category-sommeil","10":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPeeling the Layers off of the Workings of the Master Clock<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Research suggests that an enzyme named glycogen 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