{"id":58250,"date":"2015-08-19T20:32:35","date_gmt":"2015-08-19T20:32:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/gene-that-controls-the-internal-clock-discovered\/"},"modified":"2024-07-18T14:43:45","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T21:43:45","slug":"d-couverte-d-un-g-ne-contr-lant-l-horloge-interne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/fr\/d-couverte-d-un-g-ne-contr-lant-l-horloge-interne\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9couverte d’un g\u00e8ne contr\u00f4lant l’horloge interne"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le rythme circadien<\/a> fait l’objet de nombreuses \u00e9tudes, mais reste un myst\u00e8re \u00e0 bien des \u00e9gards. Alors que les scientifiques ont identifi\u00e9 de nombreuses prot\u00e9ines cellulaires impliqu\u00e9es dans le rythme circadien et plusieurs g\u00e8nes qui contribuent \u00e0 un rythme sain, le g\u00e8ne de l'\u00a0\u00bbhorloge ma\u00eetresse\u00a0\u00bb est rest\u00e9 insaisissable. Toutefois, une \u00e9tude chronobiologique r\u00e9cente sur des rats<\/a> indique que le g\u00e8ne Zfhx3, ou Zinc Finger Homeobox 3, pourrait \u00eatre le g\u00e8ne ma\u00eetre qui dicte cet important rythme biologique.<\/p>\n

L’horloge circadienne tourne<\/h2>\n

Le rythme circadien ne dicte pas seulement les cycles veille-sommeil, mais aussi toute une s\u00e9rie de processus vitaux pour la sant\u00e9, tels que la r\u00e9paration de l’ADN. De nombreux indices environnementaux, ou zeitgebers<\/a>, influencent cette horloge interne. Il s’agit notamment de la temp\u00e9rature et de la lumi\u00e8re. La lumi\u00e8re est un z\u00e9itgeur particuli\u00e8rement important. Nos r\u00e9tines per\u00e7oivent les niveaux et l’intensit\u00e9 de la lumi\u00e8re et transmettent cette information au noyau suprachiasmatique du cerveau, qui demande alors \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes glandes de produire de la m\u00e9latonine, du cortisol et d’autres hormones associ\u00e9es au sommeil et \u00e0 l’\u00e9veil.<\/p>\n

Le rythme circadien est pratiquement impossible \u00e0 modifier, et nous ne le perturbons qu’avec des cons\u00e9quences d\u00e9sastreuses pour la sant\u00e9. L’ent\u00eatement de notre horloge interne de 24 heures est un probl\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 majeur pour les gens d’aujourd’hui, qui ont souvent des horaires qui les emp\u00eachent de passer une bonne nuit de sommeil. En outre, les personnes souffrant de troubles du rythme circadien constatent souvent qu’il n’existe pas de rem\u00e8de, mais simplement des traitements qui peuvent leur rendre la vie un peu moins difficile.<\/p>\n

Quand le rythme circadien est perturb\u00e9<\/h2>\n

\"Gene<\/a>Le travail post\u00e9 est un exemple notable d’horaire moderne qui interf\u00e8re avec le rythme circadien. Des millions de personnes travaillent le soir ou la nuit, au d\u00e9triment de leur sant\u00e9. De nombreux travailleurs post\u00e9s ne parviennent pas \u00e0 s’adapter compl\u00e8tement \u00e0 cet horaire non naturel et souffrent de troubles du sommeil et de fatigue. En outre, ils pr\u00e9sentent un taux plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de diab\u00e8te, d’ob\u00e9sit\u00e9, de maladies cardiaques et d’autres probl\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9. Le travail post\u00e9 a m\u00eame \u00e9t\u00e9 qualifi\u00e9 de canc\u00e9rig\u00e8ne<\/a> par de nombreux organismes de sant\u00e9, dont l’Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9. Le corps humain ne s’adapte jamais vraiment \u00e0 des horaires de travail qui ne correspondent pas \u00e0 son horloge interne.<\/p>\n

Leretard de phase du sommeil<\/a> est un autre cas o\u00f9 le rythme circadien inflexible peut entra\u00eener des probl\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9. Les personnes atteintes de ce trouble ont des difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 dormir jusque tr\u00e8s tard dans la nuit, ce qui entra\u00eene des difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 se r\u00e9veiller le matin. Bien qu’il existe des traitements, tels que les suppl\u00e9ments de m\u00e9latonine<\/a> et les r\u00e9gimes alimentaires sp\u00e9ciaux, qui peuvent aider \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre ce probl\u00e8me, les personnes qui en souffrent doivent lutter toute leur vie. L’horloge circadienne ne peut pas \u00eatre simplement invers\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Les rats ont un rythme circadien similaire \u00e0 celui des humains et peuvent \u00e9galement souffrir de troubles circadiens du sommeil. C’est pourquoi les rats font souvent l’objet de recherches en chronobiologie <\/a>. Dans le cas pr\u00e9sent, nous avons peut-\u00eatre identifi\u00e9 le g\u00e8ne \u00e0 l’origine du rythme circadien en s\u00e9quen\u00e7ant le g\u00e9nome de rats souffrant de troubles du sommeil de moins de 24 heures, une maladie qui touche \u00e9galement les humains.<\/p>\n

Les rats souffrant de troubles du sommeil et le g\u00e8ne Zfhx3<\/h2>\n

Les rats, comme la plupart des mammif\u00e8res, poss\u00e8dent \u00e9galement une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d’horloges internes, dont une horloge circadienne, ou horloge de 24 heures. Afin de mieux comprendre le rythme circadien, les chercheurs ont pris un groupe de rats dont le cycle veille-sommeil n’\u00e9tait pas de 24 heures et ont \u00e9tudi\u00e9 leur cerveau ainsi que leur ADN. Ces rats pr\u00e9sentaient tous un \u00ab\u00a0court-circuit\u00a0\u00bb dans leur rythme circadien qui les amenait \u00e0 avoir des cycles veille-sommeil plus courts que les 24 heures normales. Ils vivaient en d\u00e9calage avec les cycles naturels lumi\u00e8re-obscurit\u00e9, dormant et \u00e9tant actifs \u00e0 des moments de la journ\u00e9e qui changeaient constamment.<\/p>\n

Le s\u00e9quen\u00e7age g\u00e9nomique a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que la seule mutation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique que tous ces rats avaient en commun \u00e9tait une mutation particuli\u00e8re du g\u00e8ne Zfhx3<\/a>. En outre, d’autres analyses du tissu c\u00e9r\u00e9bral ont montr\u00e9 que les rats manquaient tous de certains neurotransmetteurs qui relaient l’information entre le noyau suprachiasmatique et la glande pin\u00e9ale qui s\u00e9cr\u00e8te la m\u00e9latonine.<\/p>\n

Zfhx3 : Le fonctionnement de l’horloge interne<\/h2>\n

\"Gene<\/a>Cette mutation du g\u00e8ne Zfhx3 semble emp\u00eacher le noyau suprachiasmatique de communiquer avec la glande pin\u00e9ale en stoppant la production des neurotransmetteurs qui relaient les messages. Toutefois, ce n’est pas la premi\u00e8re fois que le g\u00e8ne Zfhx3 est impliqu\u00e9 dans une maladie<\/a>. Des mutations de ce g\u00e8ne ont \u00e9t\u00e9 associ\u00e9es \u00e0 diverses maladies, dont les troubles cardiovasculaires et la schizophr\u00e9nie. Ces maladies sont toutes li\u00e9es \u00e0 des perturbations du rythme circadien. Le g\u00e8ne Zfhx3 et la perturbation du rythme circadien caus\u00e9e par une mutation de ce g\u00e8ne pourraient \u00eatre le facteur qui relie toute une s\u00e9rie de probl\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 apparemment sans rapport entre eux, mais n\u00e9anmoins corr\u00e9l\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

La compr\u00e9hension du rythme circadien et d’autres aspects de la chronobiologie humaine est essentielle pour comprendre le corps humain. Le rythme circadien et d’autres horloges internes sont profond\u00e9ment li\u00e9s \u00e0 divers processus cellulaires qui affectent \u00e0 la fois la sant\u00e9 et le risque de maladie. L’identification du g\u00e8ne \u00e0 l’origine du rythme circadien ouvre de nouvelles voies de recherche et de traitement qui pourraient aider les gens \u00e0 vivre plus longtemps et en meilleure sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le rythme circadien fait l’objet de nombreuses \u00e9tudes, mais reste un myst\u00e8re \u00e0 bien des \u00e9gards. Alors que les scientifiques ont identifi\u00e9 de nombreuses prot\u00e9ines cellulaires impliqu\u00e9es dans le rythme circadien et plusieurs g\u00e8nes qui contribuent \u00e0 un rythme sain, le g\u00e8ne de l’\u00a0\u00bbhorloge ma\u00eetresse\u00a0\u00bb est rest\u00e9 insaisissable. Toutefois, une \u00e9tude chronobiologique r\u00e9cente sur des […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":23736,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[245,256,242,257],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-58250","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-chronotype-fr","8":"category-melatonine","9":"category-sante-des-cellules","10":"category-travail-poste","11":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00e9couverte d'un g\u00e8ne contr\u00f4lant l'horloge interne – Chronobiology.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The circadian rhythm is a subject of many studies, yet it remains a mystery in many ways. 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