{"id":58234,"date":"2015-07-22T20:32:35","date_gmt":"2015-07-22T20:32:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/neurotoxins-and-sleep-what-is-the-connection\/"},"modified":"2024-07-18T14:42:30","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T21:42:30","slug":"les-neurotoxines-et-le-sommeil-quel-est-le-lien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/fr\/les-neurotoxines-et-le-sommeil-quel-est-le-lien\/","title":{"rendered":"Les neurotoxines et le sommeil : Quel est le lien ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/b>Alors que l’on croyait autrefois que le sommeil n’\u00e9tait qu’une p\u00e9riode d’inactivit\u00e9 et de repos, les \u00e9tudes modernes en chronobiologie<\/a> ont montr\u00e9 que le sommeil<\/a> est important pour toute une s\u00e9rie de processus biochimiques. Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente sugg\u00e8re que le sommeil est encore plus important que ne le pensaient les m\u00e9decins et les scientifiques, car il permet au cerveau d’\u00e9liminer les substances chimiques toxiques qui s’accumulent au cours de la journ\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Les neurotoxines et le cerveau<\/h2>\n

Les cellules du cerveau sont occup\u00e9es tout au long de la journ\u00e9e \u00e0 effectuer toute une s\u00e9rie de r\u00e9actions qui cr\u00e9ent les fonctions mentales. Malheureusement, nombre de ces processus ont des sous-produits toxiques qui pourraient \u00eatre mortels pour les cellules s’ils n’\u00e9taient pas \u00e9limin\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Le cerveau est s\u00e9par\u00e9 du reste du corps, y compris de l’approvisionnement en sang, par une barri\u00e8re h\u00e9mato-enc\u00e9phalique. Cela ralentit l’\u00e9limination des neurotoxines qui peuvent s’accumuler en raison des activit\u00e9s mentales de l’\u00e9veil. Ces toxines sont \u00e9limin\u00e9es par un syst\u00e8me de ruissellement lent appel\u00e9 syst\u00e8me glymphatique<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cependant, de nouvelles recherches sugg\u00e8rent que le syst\u00e8me glymphatique n’est ni lent ni ruisselant pendant le sommeil. Dans une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente<\/a>, les chercheurs ont d\u00e9couvert que le cerveau changeait de structure pendant la nuit pour permettre un nettoyage rapide et complet du syst\u00e8me glymphatique.<\/p>\n

Le syst\u00e8me glymphatique pendant le sommeil<\/h2>\n

\"Neurotoxins<\/a>Dans cette \u00e9tude, des chercheurs en biologie circadienne ont imag\u00e9 le cerveau de souris, dont le cerveau ressemble beaucoup au n\u00f4tre, pendant l’\u00e9veil et le sommeil. Pendant le sommeil, leurs ventricules, ou espaces remplis de liquide dans le cerveau, sont devenus plus grands<\/a>. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9 chez l’homme lors d’\u00e9tudes men\u00e9es sur des patients atteints de syndromes neurod\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratifs.<\/p>\n

L’examen microscopique du cerveau des souris a montr\u00e9 que les cellules gliales, qui soutiennent la fonction nerveuse, r\u00e9tr\u00e9cissaient consid\u00e9rablement pendant le sommeil. Cela permet au liquide c\u00e9phalo-rachidien de rincer le cerveau en profondeur et rapidement, en \u00e9liminant les neurotoxines accumul\u00e9es au cours de la journ\u00e9e. En fait, les scientifiques qui ont imag\u00e9 le cerveau de souris ont montr\u00e9 que le syst\u00e8me glymphatique \u00e9tait 10 fois plus actif lorsque les souris dormaient.<\/p>\n

Pourquoi rincer le cerveau la nuit ?<\/h2>\n

Cela nous am\u00e8ne \u00e0 une question importante : Pourquoi cela se produit-il pendant le sommeil ? L’\u00e9limination des neurotoxines du cerveau est essentielle pour pr\u00e9venir les l\u00e9sions cellulaires, alors ne devrait-elle pas se produire tout le temps ?<\/p>\n

Bien que les \u00e9tudes ne le confirment pas (pour l’instant), les chercheurs en chronobiologie ont une hypoth\u00e8se sur la raison pour laquelle ce processus essentiel est acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 pendant le sommeil. Le Dr Nedergaard, qui a dirig\u00e9 cette \u00e9tude r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9e, suppose que le cerveau utilise une grande quantit\u00e9 d’\u00e9nergie pour se purger et pomper les neurotoxines \u00e0 travers la barri\u00e8re h\u00e9mato-enc\u00e9phalique en vue de leur excr\u00e9tion. Pendant la journ\u00e9e, toute l’\u00e9nergie est d\u00e9pens\u00e9e pour les fonctions mentales, ce qui ne laisse aucune \u00e9nergie pour le nettoyage. De la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que de nombreux b\u00e2timents sont nettoy\u00e9s la nuit lorsqu’ils sont moins utilis\u00e9s, le cerveau doit r\u00e9server le nettoyage \u00e0 des moments o\u00f9 il n’interf\u00e8re pas avec d’autres fonctions.<\/p>\n

La barri\u00e8re h\u00e9mato-enc\u00e9phalique et l’insomnie<\/h2>\n

Non seulement l’insomnie peut entraver le nettoyage de routine du cerveau, mais elle peut aussi provoquer l’importation de substances chimiques toxiques dans le cerveau. Une autre \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente<\/a> a montr\u00e9 que les connexions des vaisseaux sanguins qui prot\u00e8gent le cerveau des m\u00e9tabolites toxiques dans la circulation sanguine commencent \u00e0 se d\u00e9t\u00e9riorer lorsque les animaux sont chroniquement priv\u00e9s de sommeil.<\/p>\n

Les chercheurs de cette \u00e9tude ont provoqu\u00e9 l’insomnie chez des animaux de recherche et ont \u00e9tudi\u00e9 attentivement la physiologie de leur cerveau. Les vaisseaux sanguins ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 se s\u00e9parer, ce qui sugg\u00e8re que la barri\u00e8re entre le cerveau et le corps s’affaiblit. L’examen au microscope des cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales de ces animaux a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 l’apparition de v\u00e9sicules, ou unit\u00e9s de stockage, de m\u00e9tabolites toxiques provenant de l’organisme. L’augmentation du stockage des toxines est li\u00e9e \u00e0 des maladies telles que la maladie de Parkinson.<\/p>\n

Lorsque le stockage de ces substances chimiques devient trop fastidieux, les cellules peuvent s’exciter et r\u00e9agir de mani\u00e8re excessive aux stimuli, ce qui nuit \u00e0 leur fonctionnement. Dans certains cas, ces cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales peuvent m\u00eame mourir. L’augmentation de la perm\u00e9abilit\u00e9 du cerveau est \u00e9galement pr\u00e9occupante, car de nombreux m\u00e9dicaments sont administr\u00e9s en partant du principe qu’ils ne traversent pas la barri\u00e8re h\u00e9mato-enc\u00e9phalique. S’ils traversent cette barri\u00e8re chez les patients souffrant d’insomnie, ils peuvent avoir des effets n\u00e9gatifs sur les tissus et les fonctions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales.<\/p>\n

L’homme moderne et le sommeil<\/h2>\n

\"Neurotoxins<\/a>Malheureusement, ce n’est pas une bonne nouvelle pour de nombreuses personnes modernes. La technologie nous permet d’\u00eatre \u00e9veill\u00e9s la plupart du temps, tandis que le stress de la vie contemporaine d\u00e9courage les bonnes habitudes de sommeil. Cette \u00e9tude sugg\u00e8re qu’un manque de sommeil de qualit\u00e9 peut conduire \u00e0 une accumulation progressive de neurotoxines qui peuvent endommager \u00e0 long terme les tissus c\u00e9r\u00e9braux. En fait, l’exposition aux neurotoxines a \u00e9t\u00e9 li\u00e9e \u00e0 des maladies d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives telles que la maladie d’Alzheimer<\/a>. De nouvelles \u00e9tudes sur la biologie circadienne seront men\u00e9es \u00e0 l’avenir pour d\u00e9terminer si et dans quelle mesure le manque de sommeil contribue aux maladies d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives du cerveau.<\/p>\n

Bien que la relation entre les neurotoxines et le sommeil soit encore \u00e0 l’\u00e9tude, ces \u00e9tudes sugg\u00e8rent que le sommeil joue un r\u00f4le tr\u00e8s important dans la protection du cerveau. Non seulement le cerveau semble avoir besoin de sommeil pour se nettoyer, mais l’insomnie peut augmenter l’exposition \u00e0 des m\u00e9tabolites toxiques provenant d’autres parties du corps. Le maintien d’un rythme circadien<\/a> sain avec des quantit\u00e9s suffisantes de sommeil de haute qualit\u00e9 peut \u00eatre un moyen possible de se prot\u00e9ger des effets dangereux des neurotoxines.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alors que l’on croyait autrefois que le sommeil n’\u00e9tait qu’une p\u00e9riode d’inactivit\u00e9 et de repos, les \u00e9tudes modernes en chronobiologie ont montr\u00e9 que le sommeil est important pour toute une s\u00e9rie de processus biochimiques. Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente sugg\u00e8re que le sommeil est encore plus important que ne le pensaient les m\u00e9decins et les scientifiques, car […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":23656,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[256,242,255],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-58234","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-melatonine","8":"category-sante-des-cellules","9":"category-sommeil","10":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLes neurotoxines et le sommeil : Quel est le lien ? – Chronobiology.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"While people once believed that sleep was merely a period of inactivity and rest, modern studies in chronobiology have shown that sleep is important for a variety of biochemical processes. 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