{"id":58226,"date":"2015-07-08T18:28:38","date_gmt":"2015-07-08T18:28:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/how-your-brain-registers-summer\/"},"modified":"2024-07-18T14:42:20","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T21:42:20","slug":"comment-le-cerveau-enregistre-l-t","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/fr\/comment-le-cerveau-enregistre-l-t\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment le cerveau enregistre l’\u00e9t\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le rythme circadien<\/a> et ses effets sur la sant\u00e9 font l’objet d’une grande attention de la part de la communaut\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale. Cependant, notre corps est en fait contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par plusieurs horloges internes diff\u00e9rentes. Si l’horloge circadienne, ou horloge de 24 heures, est cruciale pour de nombreux processus cellulaires, de nouvelles recherches sugg\u00e8rent que les rythmes saisonniers sont tout aussi importants.<\/p>\n

Comment notre cerveau per\u00e7oit les saisons<\/h2>\n

Nos rythmes circadiens sont d\u00e9termin\u00e9s par des facteurs appel\u00e9s \u00ab\u00a0zeitgebers\u00a0\u00bb, qui sont des diff\u00e9rences de lumi\u00e8re, de temp\u00e9rature et d’autres facteurs indiquant le temps. Notre corps les d\u00e9tecte et r\u00e9agit en cons\u00e9quence. En l’absence de lumi\u00e8re, notre noyau suprachiasmatique (SCN) envoie des signaux pour lib\u00e9rer de la m\u00e9latonine<\/a>, qui indique \u00e0 l’organisme qu’il est temps de dormir, entre autres choses. De m\u00eame, une l\u00e9g\u00e8re baisse de temp\u00e9rature favorise le sommeil.<\/p>\n

La luminosit\u00e9 et la temp\u00e9rature changent consid\u00e9rablement en \u00e9t\u00e9. Notre cerveau per\u00e7oit une journ\u00e9e plus longue et plus lumineuse, ainsi que des temp\u00e9ratures plus chaudes, et les utilise comme rep\u00e8res pour les rythmes saisonniers. Cela entra\u00eene des changements dans nos syst\u00e8mes hormonaux qui nous permettent de faire face aux d\u00e9fis de chaque saison.<\/p>\n

La m\u00e9latonine tout au long de l’ann\u00e9e<\/h2>\n

\"How<\/a>Si la m\u00e9latonine est principalement associ\u00e9e au rythme circadien, elle varie \u00e9galement en fonction des rythmes saisonniers<\/a>. Comme la dur\u00e9e de la nuit change avec la saison, la s\u00e9cr\u00e9tion de m\u00e9latonine change \u00e9galement. Le raccourcissement de la p\u00e9riode de production de m\u00e9latonine entra\u00eene des changements dans les niveaux hormonaux et m\u00eame dans le comportement humain. Par exemple, la production de testost\u00e9rone augmente, ce qui rend les hommes plus fertiles en \u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n

En outre, le raccourcissement de la p\u00e9riode de lib\u00e9ration de la m\u00e9latonine indique \u00e0 l’organisme que c’est l’\u00e9t\u00e9, ce qui permet \u00e0 d’autres changements physiologiques saisonniers de se produire. Les scientifiques \u00e9tudient encore les effets d’une dur\u00e9e plus courte de la m\u00e9latonine sur le comportement et la physiologie de l’homme, mais il est clair que ces effets sont substantiels.<\/p>\n

Le GABA et les quatre saisons<\/h2>\n

Le GABA est un neurotransmetteur essentiel qui r\u00e9git l’activit\u00e9 de l’ensemble du syst\u00e8me nerveux. Une r\u00e9cente \u00e9tude de biologie circadienne men\u00e9e au Japon sugg\u00e8re qu’il joue \u00e9galement un r\u00f4le majeur en indiquant au cerveau et au corps que l’\u00e9t\u00e9 est arriv\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Le noyau suprachiasmatique est responsable de la r\u00e9gulation du rythme circadien, notamment en produisant le g\u00e8ne de l’horloge Bmal1. Cependant, une zone du noyau suprachiasmatique est moins sensible aux signaux environnementaux. Lorsque l’\u00e9t\u00e9 raccourcit les nuits, cette zone est d\u00e9phas\u00e9e par rapport au reste du SCN et des niveaux diff\u00e9rents de Bmal1 sont exprim\u00e9s. Ce d\u00e9calage entre les deux r\u00e9gions indique au cerveau que c’est l’\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Le GABA inhibe la plupart des activit\u00e9s neuronales, mais il excite certains neurones du SCN lorsque les niveaux de chlorure sont \u00e9lev\u00e9s. Les niveaux de chlorure sont plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s lorsque l’\u00e9cart de phase entre les deux parties du SCN s’\u00e9largit, ce qui se produit en \u00e9t\u00e9. L’augmentation de l’excitabilit\u00e9 des neurones est un autre signe pour le cerveau que l’\u00e9t\u00e9 est arriv\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cortisol : Stress et \u00e9veil en \u00e9t\u00e9<\/h2>\n

\"How<\/a>Le cortisol est surtout connu comme une hormone du stress, mais il joue un r\u00f4le essentiel dans de nombreux processus biologiques importants. Il augmente fortement aux premi\u00e8res lueurs du jour pour pr\u00e9parer les gens \u00e0 se r\u00e9veiller.<\/p>\n

Lorsque le soleil se l\u00e8ve plus t\u00f4t, comme c’est le cas en \u00e9t\u00e9, les taux m\u00e9dians de cortisol chutent fortement<\/a>, en particulier le matin. Cela peut se produire pour permettre aux gens de dormir apr\u00e8s un lever de soleil extr\u00eamement pr\u00e9coce, mais il y a probablement d’autres raisons. La variation du taux de cortisol est un autre indicateur pour l’organisme de l’arriv\u00e9e du temps chaud.<\/p>\n

Ces changements biochimiques peuvent sembler mineurs, mais ils sont tr\u00e8s importants. Le comportement quotidien des cellules du corps humain, des cycles de sommeil \u00e0 la faim en passant par les processus pathologiques, est domin\u00e9 \u00e0 la fois par l’heure du jour et par la p\u00e9riode de l’ann\u00e9e. La m\u00e9latonine, le GABA et le cortisol sont tous importants pour de nombreux processus cellulaires, de sorte que les variations saisonni\u00e8res ont probablement plus d’effets que nous ne le comprenons actuellement. Les chercheurs en chronobiologie<\/a> \u00e9tudient ces changements saisonniers dans le cadre de plusieurs \u00e9tudes en cours, dans l’espoir de pouvoir un jour mieux traiter les maladies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le rythme circadien et ses effets sur la sant\u00e9 font l’objet d’une grande attention de la part de la communaut\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale. Cependant, notre corps est en fait contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par plusieurs horloges internes diff\u00e9rentes. Si l’horloge circadienne, ou horloge de 24 heures, est cruciale pour de nombreux processus cellulaires, de nouvelles recherches sugg\u00e8rent que les rythmes […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":23588,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[256,255],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-58226","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-melatonine","8":"category-sommeil","9":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nComment le cerveau enregistre l'\u00e9t\u00e9 – Chronobiology.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There has been a great deal of buzz in the medical community regarding circadian rhythm and its effect on health. 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