{"id":58222,"date":"2015-06-26T18:34:10","date_gmt":"2015-06-26T18:34:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/mental-illness-associated-with-disrupted-circadian-rhythms\/"},"modified":"2024-07-18T14:42:16","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T21:42:16","slug":"les-maladies-mentales-sont-associ-es-une-perturbation-des-rythmes-circadiens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/fr\/les-maladies-mentales-sont-associ-es-une-perturbation-des-rythmes-circadiens\/","title":{"rendered":"Les maladies mentales sont associ\u00e9es \u00e0 une perturbation des rythmes circadiens"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/b>La maladie mentale est un probl\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 majeur dans le monde entier. Les scientifiques estiment qu’environ 18 % de la population souffre d’une maladie mentale<\/a>, ce qui repr\u00e9sente plus de 42 millions d’Am\u00e9ricains. Il est essentiel de d\u00e9terminer la base neurologique de ces maladies pour trouver des traitements efficaces et il s’agit d’un domaine de recherche majeur. De nouvelles \u00e9tudes <\/a>sugg\u00e8rent qu’un rythme circadien<\/a> perturb\u00e9 peut contribuer \u00e0 une gamme vari\u00e9e de maladies mentales, de la d\u00e9pression clinique au trouble bipolaire.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9pression saisonni\u00e8re : un cas classique de maladie mentale li\u00e9e au rythme circadien<\/h2>\n

Le troubleaffectif saisonnier<\/a>, ou TAS, est peut-\u00eatre la maladie mentale la plus connue li\u00e9e \u00e0 un rythme circadien perturb\u00e9. Le manque de lumi\u00e8re de haute qualit\u00e9 perturbe la production de m\u00e9latonine<\/a> dans le noyau suprachiasmatique du cerveau, ce qui se traduit par des niveaux irr\u00e9guliers de cette hormone, entra\u00eenant fatigue, d\u00e9pression et toute une s\u00e9rie de sympt\u00f4mes. De nombreuses personnes trouvent un soulagement \u00e0 la d\u00e9pression saisonni\u00e8re gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la luminoth\u00e9rapie <\/a>et aux suppl\u00e9ments de m\u00e9latonine. Toutefois, de nouvelles \u00e9tudes sugg\u00e8rent que la d\u00e9pression saisonni\u00e8re n’est peut-\u00eatre pas la seule maladie mentale directement li\u00e9e \u00e0 des anomalies du rythme circadien.<\/p>\n

Le g\u00e8ne de l’horloge circadienne et le trouble bipolaire<\/h2>\n

\"Mental<\/a>Chez les personnes en bonne sant\u00e9, les g\u00e8nes circadiens tels que CLOCK et BMAL1 sont exprim\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re rythmique au cours des 24 heures. Ces g\u00e8nes provoquent des changements hormonaux qui permettent aux individus de r\u00e9pondre de mani\u00e8re optimale aux exigences de leur journ\u00e9e, en particulier aux exigences de l’\u00e9veil et du sommeil. Lorsque des indices temporels tels que la luminosit\u00e9 et les habitudes alimentaires changent, l’organisme modifie son rythme circadien pour s’adapter au nouvel horaire.<\/p>\n

Dans une \u00e9tude men\u00e9e sur des souris, des chercheurs en chronobiologie<\/a> ont d\u00e9couvert qu’une mutation du CLOCK<\/a> entra\u00eenait un comportement inhabituel chez les souris, notamment la manie, l’hyperactivit\u00e9 et l’insomnie. Les souris pr\u00e9sentaient un comportement correspondant aux phases maniaques associ\u00e9es au trouble bipolaire, parfois appel\u00e9 maniaco-d\u00e9pression. Les chercheurs devront \u00e9tudier le fonctionnement rythmique des sujets humains atteints de troubles bipolaires avant de pouvoir \u00e9tablir un lien d\u00e9finitif, mais cette \u00e9tude sugg\u00e8re que les mutations du g\u00e8ne CLOCK pourraient \u00eatre en partie \u00e0 l’origine de ce trouble et d’autres maladies mentales pr\u00e9sentant des caract\u00e9ristiques maniaques.<\/p>\n

Troubles du sommeil et d\u00e9pression<\/h2>\n

Le lien entre les troubles du sommeil et la d\u00e9pression<\/a> est bien \u00e9tabli. Les personnes atteintes de d\u00e9pression peuvent souffrir de fatigue constante, d’insomnie ou m\u00eame des deux. De nouvelles \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es sur des sujets humains ont montr\u00e9 que les femmes d\u00e9pressives pr\u00e9sentent une grande variabilit\u00e9 de leur rythme circadien, c’est-\u00e0-dire que leur horloge de 24 heures ne r\u00e9gule pas bien les hormones du corps. Des hormones telles que la nor\u00e9pin\u00e9phrine et la m\u00e9latonine sont lib\u00e9r\u00e9es en quantit\u00e9s et \u00e0 des moments inappropri\u00e9s. En fait, les troubles du sommeil associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la d\u00e9pression perturbent souvent l’humeur du patient et sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 fonctionner autant que la d\u00e9pression elle-m\u00eame. Les th\u00e9rapies par la lumi\u00e8re et la m\u00e9latonine se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9es utiles pour traiter la d\u00e9pression dans de nombreux cas.<\/p>\n

Schizophr\u00e9nie et sommeil<\/h2>\n

\"Mental<\/a>La schizophr\u00e9nie est l’une des maladies mentales les plus graves et les plus invalidantes, mais aussi l’une des plus difficiles \u00e0 traiter. Les chercheurs et les cliniciens s’efforcent d’aider les personnes atteintes de cette maladie \u00e0 trouver les bonnes th\u00e9rapies qui leur permettront de mener une vie fonctionnelle. La schizophr\u00e9nie est associ\u00e9e \u00e0 diverses anomalies hormonales qui finissent par provoquer des changements physiques et une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration du cerveau, visibles \u00e0 l’IRM chez les patients atteints de formes graves de la maladie qui n’ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 trait\u00e9es. De nouvelles \u00e9tudes en chronobiologie<\/a> sugg\u00e8rent qu’une perturbation du rythme circadien pourrait \u00eatre partiellement responsable de nombreux effets de cette maladie mentale.<\/p>\n

Dans une \u00e9tude, les chercheurs ont test\u00e9 les niveaux de m\u00e9latonine et suivi les cycles veille-sommeil d’un groupe de patients schizophr\u00e8nes pendant six semaines. Tous les patients pr\u00e9sentaient d’importants troubles du rythme circadien<\/a>, notamment un retard de la phase de sommeil et des rythmes circadiens ne s’\u00e9tendant pas sur 24 heures. Les hormones r\u00e9gul\u00e9es par le rythme circadien ne suivaient pas des cycles normaux. Cela \u00e9tait vrai m\u00eame chez les patients trait\u00e9s avec succ\u00e8s par des m\u00e9dicaments antipsychotiques modernes. Cela sugg\u00e8re qu’il existe un lien \u00e9troit entre la schizophr\u00e9nie et la perturbation du rythme circadien, m\u00eame si d’autres \u00e9tudes seront n\u00e9cessaires pour d\u00e9terminer la relation exacte.<\/p>\n

Chronoth\u00e9rapie : Un espoir pour les maladies mentales<\/h2>\n

Ces \u00e9tudes peuvent sembler \u00eatre de mauvaises nouvelles, mais elles sont en fait porteuses d’espoir pour les personnes qui luttent contre la maladie mentale. La connaissance est le pouvoir dans ces cas, car les traitements ne peuvent \u00eatre mis au point que lorsque la physiopathologie des maladies est mieux connue. Les chronoth\u00e9rapies, c’est-\u00e0-dire les traitements qui s’alignent sur le rythme circadien, pourraient devenir un \u00e9l\u00e9ment important du traitement des maladies mentales et permettre une meilleure prise en charge de ces maladies. En fait, il a d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la r\u00e9duction de l’exposition \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re, appel\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0dark therapy\u00a0\u00bb, mettait fin aux \u00e9pisodes maniaques.<\/p>\n

De nouvelles \u00e9tudes montrent qu’un nombre croissant de maladies graves, de la schizophr\u00e9nie aux maladies cardiovasculaires, sont li\u00e9es aux troubles du sommeil et aux troubles circadiens. Ces liens permettront aux m\u00e9decins de traiter plus efficacement les probl\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9, ce qui permettra \u00e0 de nombreuses personnes de mener une vie plus saine et plus heureuse.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La maladie mentale est un probl\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 majeur dans le monde entier. Les scientifiques estiment qu’environ 18 % de la population souffre d’une maladie mentale, ce qui repr\u00e9sente plus de 42 millions d’Am\u00e9ricains. Il est essentiel de d\u00e9terminer la base neurologique de ces maladies pour trouver des traitements efficaces et il s’agit d’un domaine […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":23536,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[256,259,255],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-58222","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-melatonine","8":"category-sante-mentale","9":"category-sommeil","10":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLes maladies mentales sont associ\u00e9es \u00e0 une perturbation des rythmes circadiens – Chronobiology.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mental illness is a major health problem throughout the world. 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