{"id":61430,"date":"2015-08-19T20:32:35","date_gmt":"2015-08-19T20:32:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/gene-that-controls-the-internal-clock-discovered\/"},"modified":"2024-07-19T12:53:40","modified_gmt":"2024-07-19T19:53:40","slug":"descubierto-un-gen-que-controla-el-reloj-interno","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/es\/descubierto-un-gen-que-controla-el-reloj-interno\/","title":{"rendered":"Descubierto un gen que controla el reloj interno"},"content":{"rendered":"

El ritmo circadiano<\/a> es objeto de numerosos estudios, pero sigue siendo un misterio en muchos aspectos. Aunque los cient\u00edficos han identificado muchas de las prote\u00ednas celulares que intervienen en el ritmo circadiano y varios genes que contribuyen a un ritmo saludable, el gen del \u00abreloj maestro\u00bb segu\u00eda siendo esquivo. Sin embargo, un reciente estudio de cronobiolog\u00eda en ratas<\/a> indica que el gen Zfhx3, o Zinc Finger Homeobox 3, puede ser el gen maestro que dicta este importante ritmo biol\u00f3gico.<\/p>\n

El tictac del reloj circadiano<\/h2>\n

El ritmo circadiano no s\u00f3lo determina los ciclos de sue\u00f1o-vigilia, sino tambi\u00e9n una serie de procesos vitales para la salud, como la reparaci\u00f3n del ADN. Hay muchas se\u00f1ales ambientales, o zeitgebers<\/a>, que influyen en este reloj interno. Entre ellos est\u00e1n la temperatura y la luz. La luz es un \u00abzeitgeber\u00bb especialmente importante. Nuestras retinas perciben los niveles y la intensidad de la luz y transmiten esta informaci\u00f3n al n\u00facleo supraquiasm\u00e1tico del cerebro, que a su vez ordena a distintas gl\u00e1ndulas que produzcan melatonina, cortisol y otras hormonas relacionadas con el sue\u00f1o y la vigilia.<\/p>\n

El ritmo circadiano es casi imposible de cambiar, y s\u00f3lo lo alteramos con consecuencias nefastas para la salud. La tozudez de nuestro reloj interno de 24 horas es un grave problema de salud para la gente moderna, que a menudo tiene horarios que interfieren con la posibilidad de dormir bien. Adem\u00e1s, las personas que padecen trastornos del ritmo circadiano a menudo descubren que no existe cura, sino simplemente tratamientos que pueden ayudar a hacerles la vida un poco menos dif\u00edcil.<\/p>\n

Cuando se altera el ritmo circadiano<\/h2>\n

\"Gene<\/a>Un ejemplo notable de horario moderno que interfiere con el ritmo circadiano es el trabajo por turnos. Millones de personas trabajan en turnos de tarde o noche, en detrimento de su salud. Muchos trabajadores por turnos no consiguen adaptarse completamente a este horario antinatural y sufren trastornos del sue\u00f1o y fatiga. Adem\u00e1s, tienen un mayor \u00edndice de diabetes, obesidad, enfermedades cardiacas y diversos problemas de salud. El trabajo por turnos ha sido calificado incluso de cancer\u00edgeno<\/a> por muchas organizaciones sanitarias importantes, incluida la Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial de la Salud. El cuerpo humano nunca se adapta realmente a trabajar en horarios que no coinciden con su reloj interno.<\/p>\n

Eltrastorno de la fase retardada del sue\u00f1o<\/a> es otro caso en el que la inflexibilidad del ritmo circadiano puede acarrear problemas de salud. Las personas que padecen este trastorno tienen dificultades para dormir hasta muy tarde por la noche, lo que provoca problemas para despertarse por la ma\u00f1ana. Aunque existen tratamientos, como los suplementos de melatonina<\/a> y las dietas especiales que pueden ayudar a este trastorno, sigue siendo una lucha de por vida para las personas que lo padecen. El reloj circadiano no puede invertirse.<\/p>\n

Las ratas tienen un ritmo circadiano similar al de los humanos y tambi\u00e9n pueden sufrir trastornos circadianos del sue\u00f1o. Por este motivo, las ratas suelen ser objeto de investigaci\u00f3n en cronobiolog\u00eda <\/a>. En este caso, es posible que hayamos identificado el gen que subyace al ritmo circadiano secuenciando el genoma de ratas que padecen trastornos del sue\u00f1o no 24 horas, una enfermedad que tambi\u00e9n se da en humanos.<\/p>\n

Las ratas con trastornos del sue\u00f1o y el gen Zfhx3<\/h2>\n

Las ratas, como la mayor\u00eda de los mam\u00edferos, tambi\u00e9n tienen diversos relojes internos, incluido un reloj circadiano, o de 24 horas. Para comprender mejor el ritmo circadiano, los investigadores tomaron un grupo de ratas con ciclos de sue\u00f1o-vigilia de 24 horas y estudiaron sus cerebros y su ADN. Todas estas ratas ten\u00edan un \u00abcortocircuito\u00bb en su ritmo circadiano que les hac\u00eda tener ciclos de sue\u00f1o-vigilia m\u00e1s cortos que las 24 horas normales. Viv\u00edan desincronizadas con los ciclos naturales de luz y oscuridad, durmiendo y estando activas a horas del d\u00eda que cambiaban constantemente.<\/p>\n

La secuenciaci\u00f3n gen\u00f3mica revel\u00f3 que la \u00fanica mutaci\u00f3n<\/a> gen\u00e9tica que todas estas ratas ten\u00edan en com\u00fan era una mutaci\u00f3n particular en el gen Zfhx3<\/a>. Adem\u00e1s, otros an\u00e1lisis del tejido cerebral mostraron que todas las ratas carec\u00edan de ciertos neurotransmisores que transmiten informaci\u00f3n entre el n\u00facleo supraquiasm\u00e1tico y la gl\u00e1ndula pineal, que segrega melatonina.<\/p>\n

Zfhx3: El funcionamiento de su reloj interno<\/h2>\n

\"Gene<\/a>Esta mutaci\u00f3n en el gen Zfhx3 parece impedir que el n\u00facleo supraquiasm\u00e1tico se comunique con la gl\u00e1ndula pineal al detener la producci\u00f3n de neurotransmisores que transmiten los mensajes. Sin embargo, no es la primera vez que Zfhx3 est\u00e1 implicado en una enfermedad<\/a>. Las mutaciones de este gen se han relacionado con diversas enfermedades, como los trastornos cardiovasculares y la esquizofrenia. A su vez, todos estos trastornos se han relacionado con alteraciones del ritmo circadiano. Zfhx3, y la alteraci\u00f3n del ritmo circadiano causada por una mutaci\u00f3n en este gen, puede ser el factor que conecte una variedad de problemas de salud aparentemente no relacionados que, sin embargo, est\u00e1n correlacionados.<\/p>\n

Comprender el ritmo circadiano y otros aspectos de la cronobiolog\u00eda humana es esencial para entender el cuerpo humano. El ritmo circadiano y otros relojes internos est\u00e1n profundamente entrelazados con diversos procesos celulares que afectan tanto a la salud como al riesgo de enfermedad. Identificar el gen que est\u00e1 detr\u00e1s del ritmo circadiano abre nuevas v\u00edas de investigaci\u00f3n y tratamiento que pueden ayudar a las personas a vivir m\u00e1s tiempo y con mejor salud.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El ritmo circadiano es objeto de numerosos estudios, pero sigue siendo un misterio en muchos aspectos. Aunque los cient\u00edficos han identificado muchas de las prote\u00ednas celulares que intervienen en el ritmo circadiano y varios genes que contribuyen a un ritmo saludable, el gen del \u00abreloj maestro\u00bb segu\u00eda siendo esquivo. Sin embargo, un reciente estudio de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":23739,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[204,215,201,216],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-61430","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-cronotipo-es","8":"category-melatonina-es","9":"category-salud-celular","10":"category-trabajo-por-turnos","11":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDescubierto un gen que controla el reloj interno – Chronobiology.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The circadian rhythm is a subject of many studies, yet it remains a mystery in many ways. 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