{"id":61397,"date":"2015-07-22T20:32:35","date_gmt":"2015-07-22T20:32:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/neurotoxins-and-sleep-what-is-the-connection\/"},"modified":"2024-07-19T12:53:21","modified_gmt":"2024-07-19T19:53:21","slug":"neurotoxinas-y-sue-o-cu-l-es-la-conexi-n","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/es\/neurotoxinas-y-sue-o-cu-l-es-la-conexi-n\/","title":{"rendered":"Neurotoxinas y sue\u00f1o: \u00bfCu\u00e1l es la conexi\u00f3n?"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/b>Aunque antes se cre\u00eda que el sue\u00f1o era un mero periodo de inactividad y descanso, los estudios modernos de cronobiolog\u00eda<\/a> han demostrado que el sue\u00f1o<\/a> es importante para diversos procesos bioqu\u00edmicos. Un estudio reciente sugiere que el sue\u00f1o es a\u00fan m\u00e1s importante de lo que los m\u00e9dicos y cient\u00edficos pensaban, ya que permite al cerebro eliminar las sustancias qu\u00edmicas t\u00f3xicas que se acumulan a lo largo del d\u00eda.<\/p>\n

Las neurotoxinas y el cerebro<\/h2>\n

Las c\u00e9lulas del cerebro est\u00e1n ocupadas durante todo el d\u00eda, llevando a cabo una serie de reacciones que crean la funci\u00f3n mental. Por desgracia, muchos de estos procesos tienen subproductos t\u00f3xicos que podr\u00edan ser mortales para las c\u00e9lulas si no se eliminan.<\/p>\n

El cerebro se mantiene separado del resto del cuerpo, incluido el suministro de sangre, por una barrera hematoencef\u00e1lica. Esto ralentiza la eliminaci\u00f3n de las neurotoxinas que pueden acumularse debido a las actividades mentales de la vigilia. Estas toxinas se eliminan mediante un sistema de goteo lento llamado sistema glinf\u00e1tico.<\/a><\/p>\n

Sin embargo, nuevas investigaciones sugieren que el sistema glinf\u00e1tico no es ni lento ni permeable durante el sue\u00f1o. En un estudio reciente<\/a>, los investigadores descubrieron que el cerebro cambia estructuralmente por la noche para permitir una limpieza glinf\u00e1tica r\u00e1pida y completa.<\/p>\n

El sistema glinf\u00e1tico durante el sue\u00f1o<\/h2>\n

\"Neurotoxins<\/a>En este estudio, los investigadores de la biolog\u00eda circadiana tomaron im\u00e1genes del cerebro de ratones, cuyo cerebro es muy parecido al nuestro, durante la vigilia y el sue\u00f1o. Durante el sue\u00f1o, sus ventr\u00edculos, o espacios llenos de l\u00edquido en el cerebro, aumentaron de tama\u00f1o<\/a>. Esto se ha observado en humanos durante estudios de pacientes con s\u00edndromes neurodegenerativos.<\/p>\n

El examen microsc\u00f3pico de los cerebros de los ratones mostr\u00f3 que las c\u00e9lulas gliales, que sostienen la funci\u00f3n nerviosa, se reduc\u00edan dr\u00e1sticamente durante el sue\u00f1o. Esto permit\u00eda que el l\u00edquido cefalorraqu\u00eddeo limpiara el cerebro a fondo y con rapidez, eliminando las neurotoxinas acumuladas durante el d\u00eda. De hecho, los cient\u00edficos que tomaron im\u00e1genes de los cerebros de los ratones demostraron que el sistema glinf\u00e1tico se volv\u00eda 10 veces m\u00e1s activo cuando los ratones dorm\u00edan.<\/p>\n

\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 purgar el cerebro por la noche?<\/h2>\n

Esto nos lleva a una pregunta importante: \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 ocurre esto durante el sue\u00f1o? La eliminaci\u00f3n de neurotoxinas del cerebro es esencial para prevenir el da\u00f1o celular, as\u00ed que \u00bfno deber\u00eda ocurrir siempre?<\/p>\n

Aunque los estudios no lo confirman (todav\u00eda), los investigadores de la cronobiolog\u00eda tienen una hip\u00f3tesis sobre por qu\u00e9 este proceso esencial se acelera durante el sue\u00f1o. El Dr. Nedergaard, responsable de este estudio publicado recientemente, especula que el cerebro utiliza una gran cantidad de energ\u00eda para purgarse y bombear neurotoxinas a trav\u00e9s de la barrera hematoencef\u00e1lica para su excreci\u00f3n. Durante el d\u00eda, toda la energ\u00eda se gasta en funciones mentales, lo que no deja energ\u00eda para la limpieza. Del mismo modo que muchos edificios se limpian por la noche, cuando no se utilizan tanto, el cerebro tiene que reservar la limpieza para momentos en los que no interfiera con otras funciones.<\/p>\n

La barrera hematoencef\u00e1lica y el insomnio<\/h2>\n

El insomnio no s\u00f3lo puede interferir en la limpieza rutinaria del cerebro, sino que puede provocar la importaci\u00f3n de sustancias qu\u00edmicas t\u00f3xicas al cerebro. Otro estudio reciente<\/a> descubri\u00f3 que las conexiones de los vasos sangu\u00edneos que protegen al cerebro de los metabolitos t\u00f3xicos en el torrente sangu\u00edneo en realidad comienzan a romperse cuando los animales est\u00e1n cr\u00f3nicamente privados de sue\u00f1o.<\/p>\n

Los investigadores de este estudio indujeron el insomnio en animales de investigaci\u00f3n y estudiaron detenidamente la fisiolog\u00eda de sus cerebros. Los vasos sangu\u00edneos empezaron a separarse, lo que sugiere que la barrera entre el cerebro y el cuerpo se estaba debilitando. Cuando las c\u00e9lulas cerebrales de estos animales se examinaron al microscopio, hab\u00edan desarrollado ves\u00edculas, o unidades de almacenamiento, de metabolitos t\u00f3xicos del cuerpo. El aumento del almacenamiento de toxinas est\u00e1 relacionado con enfermedades como el Parkinson.<\/p>\n

Cuando el almacenamiento de estas sustancias qu\u00edmicas se vuelve demasiado tedioso, las c\u00e9lulas pueden excitarse y reaccionar de forma exagerada a los est\u00edmulos, lo que interfiere en su funcionamiento. En algunos casos, estas c\u00e9lulas cerebrales pueden incluso morir. El aumento de la permeabilidad del cerebro tambi\u00e9n es preocupante porque muchos f\u00e1rmacos se administran dando por sentado que no atraviesan la barrera hematoencef\u00e1lica. Si atraviesan esta barrera en pacientes que padecen insomnio, pueden tener efectos negativos sobre el tejido y la funci\u00f3n cerebrales.<\/p>\n

La gente moderna y el sue\u00f1o<\/h2>\n

\"Neurotoxins<\/a>Desgraciadamente, estas no son noticias positivas para muchas personas modernas. La tecnolog\u00eda ha hecho posible que estemos despiertos gran parte del tiempo, mientras que el estr\u00e9s de la vida contempor\u00e1nea desalienta los h\u00e1bitos de sue\u00f1o saludables. Este estudio sugiere que la falta de sue\u00f1o de calidad puede conducir a una acumulaci\u00f3n gradual de neurotoxinas que pueden causar da\u00f1os a largo plazo en los tejidos cerebrales. De hecho, la exposici\u00f3n a neurotoxinas se ha relacionado con enfermedades degenerativas como el Alzheimer.<\/a> En el futuro se realizar\u00e1n nuevos estudios de biolog\u00eda circadiana para determinar si la privaci\u00f3n de sue\u00f1o contribuye a las enfermedades cerebrales degenerativas y en qu\u00e9 medida.<\/p>\n

Aunque todav\u00eda se est\u00e1 estudiando la relaci\u00f3n entre las neurotoxinas y el sue\u00f1o, estos estudios sugieren que el sue\u00f1o es una parte muy importante de la protecci\u00f3n del cerebro. No s\u00f3lo parece que el cerebro necesita dormir para limpiarse, sino que el insomnio puede aumentar la exposici\u00f3n a metabolitos t\u00f3xicos de otras partes del cuerpo. Mantener un ritmo circadiano<\/a> saludable con cantidades adecuadas de sue\u00f1o de alta calidad puede ser una posible forma de protegerse de los peligrosos efectos de las neurotoxinas.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Aunque antes se cre\u00eda que el sue\u00f1o era un mero periodo de inactividad y descanso, los estudios modernos de cronobiolog\u00eda han demostrado que el sue\u00f1o es importante para diversos procesos bioqu\u00edmicos. Un estudio reciente sugiere que el sue\u00f1o es a\u00fan m\u00e1s importante de lo que los m\u00e9dicos y cient\u00edficos pensaban, ya que permite al cerebro […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":23659,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[215,201,214],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-61397","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-melatonina-es","8":"category-salud-celular","9":"category-sueno","10":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNeurotoxinas y sue\u00f1o: \u00bfCu\u00e1l es la conexi\u00f3n? – Chronobiology.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"While people once believed that sleep was merely a period of inactivity and rest, modern studies in chronobiology have shown that sleep is important for a variety of biochemical processes. 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