{"id":61378,"date":"2015-07-01T19:58:28","date_gmt":"2015-07-01T19:58:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chronobiology.com\/blood-pressure-heart-attacks-and-chronotherapy\/"},"modified":"2024-07-19T12:53:03","modified_gmt":"2024-07-19T19:53:03","slug":"tensi-n-arterial-infartos-y-cronoterapia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.chronobiology.com\/es\/tensi-n-arterial-infartos-y-cronoterapia\/","title":{"rendered":"Tensi\u00f3n arterial, infartos y cronoterapia"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tratar la hipertensi\u00f3n arterial y las enfermedades cardiovasculares puede ser todo un reto para los m\u00e9dicos modernos. Por desgracia, hay mucho en juego. En Estados Unidos, 720.000 personas sufren infartos de miocardio cada a\u00f1o<\/a>, mientras que 60 millones padecen alg\u00fan tipo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Controlar la tensi\u00f3n arterial es muy importante para mantener un sistema cardiovascular sano y prevenir al mismo tiempo los infartos de miocardio y los accidentes cerebrovasculares.<\/p>\n

Aunque casi todos los a\u00f1os aparecen en el mercado farmac\u00e9utico nuevos medicamentos milagrosos contra la hipertensi\u00f3n, muchas personas siguen viviendo con una tensi\u00f3n arterial incontrolablemente alta y el consiguiente alto riesgo de infarto. Sin embargo, nuevos estudios en cronobiolog\u00eda<\/a> demuestran que la cronoterapia, o programaci\u00f3n de terapias y medicaci\u00f3n seg\u00fan el ritmo circadiano<\/a>, puede presentar una nueva y esperanzadora v\u00eda de tratamiento.<\/p>\n

El reloj interno de la funci\u00f3n cardiovascular<\/h2>\n

\"Blood<\/a>Como casi todos los sistemas del cuerpo humano, las funciones cardio<\/a> vasculares siguen un reloj de 24 horas o ritmo circadiano. Poco antes de que una persona se despierte, su cuerpo empieza a aumentar los niveles de hormonas asociadas a la vigilia, como el cortisol, las catecolaminas y la angiotensina. \u00c9stas aumentan la presi\u00f3n arterial y la frecuencia cardiaca, lo que prepara a una persona sana para despertarse y comenzar su actividad diaria. Sin embargo, en una persona con cardiopat\u00eda, un aumento brusco de estas hormonas supone un riesgo para la salud. Los infartos de miocardio son m\u00e1s frecuentes por la ma\u00f1ana debido al consiguiente aumento de la tensi\u00f3n arterial y el pulso, y los infartos de miocardio por la ma\u00f1ana tienen m\u00e1s probabilidades de provocar una muerte s\u00fabita.<\/p>\n

La presi\u00f3n arterial aumenta a\u00fan m\u00e1s por la ma\u00f1ana cuando una persona se levanta y empieza a moverse. Esto aumenta la demanda del coraz\u00f3n, que debe empezar a bombear m\u00e1s sangre para mantener el suministro de ox\u00edgeno al cuerpo. Las plaquetas tambi\u00e9n son m\u00e1s propensas a formar co\u00e1gulos por la ma\u00f1ana, lo que aumenta el riesgo de ictus y otros episodios cardiovasculares.<\/p>\n

Tras alcanzar su punto m\u00e1ximo por la ma\u00f1ana, la tensi\u00f3n arterial disminuye a lo largo del d\u00eda y alcanza su punto m\u00e1s bajo en 24 horas entre la medianoche y las 3 de la madrugada. Los investigadores creen que tanto la tensi\u00f3n arterial como la frecuencia cardiaca se rigen en gran medida por<\/a> el tono simp\u00e1tico, un sistema biol\u00f3gico que act\u00faa a trav\u00e9s de hormonas como la epinefrina y la norepinefrina. El tono simp\u00e1tico es mayor durante el d\u00eda para mantener el cuerpo y la mente alerta y preparados para la actividad.<\/p>\n

Infartos y no infartos<\/h2>\n

Al estudiar la ritmicidad de los infartos de miocardio y la tensi\u00f3n arterial, los investigadores de la biolog\u00eda circadiana se dieron cuenta r\u00e1pidamente de que sus pacientes segu\u00edan uno de dos patrones diarios. Estos dos grupos de pacientes se denominaron \u00abdippers\u00bb y \u00abnondippers\u00bb. La presi\u00f3n arterial nocturna de los \u00abdippers\u00bb es al menos un 10% inferior a la diurna, mientras que la de los \u00abnondippers\u00bb es mucho menor. Esto es importante porque los no hipertensos tienen un mayor riesgo de muerte por accidente cardiovascular, lo que sugiere que un ritmo circadiano normal es importante para la salud cardiaca y la prevenci\u00f3n de enfermedades. Los no adictos corren un riesgo especialmente elevado de sufrir un infarto nocturno.<\/p>\n

Cronoterapia: Aplicar los nuevos conocimientos<\/h2>\n

\"Blood<\/a>La sincronizaci\u00f3n de la medicaci\u00f3n para la tensi\u00f3n arterial y otros tratamientos<\/a> de las enfermedades cardiovasculares puede ofrecer esperanzas a las personas con hipertensi\u00f3n dif\u00edcil de controlar. Varios estudios cronobiol\u00f3gicos recientes sugieren que se pueden maximizar los efectos de los f\u00e1rmacos y minimizar sus efectos secundarios tom\u00e1ndolos a determinadas horas del d\u00eda<\/a>. Por ejemplo, los antagonistas de los betaadrenorreceptores, conocidos por muchos como betabloqueantes, reducen significativamente la presi\u00f3n arterial diurna, pero tienen escaso efecto sobre la nocturna. Esto los convierte en una buena opci\u00f3n para los pacientes que son hipertensos, pero los que no lo son pueden necesitar una medicaci\u00f3n diferente para la hipertensi\u00f3n nocturna.<\/p>\n

Los antagonistas del calcio, otra medicaci\u00f3n habitual para la hipertensi\u00f3n, presentan una biodisponibilidad reducida cuando se administran por la noche. A pesar de ello, algunos f\u00e1rmacos de esta clase son \u00fatiles para la presi\u00f3n arterial nocturna de los no hipertensos. Dos f\u00e1rmacos incluso devuelven a los no hipertensos al ritmo normal de tensi\u00f3n arterial de un hipertenso, lo que puede reducir las posibilidades de muerte s\u00fabita.<\/p>\n

Los inhibidores de la ECA se toman una vez al d\u00eda, pero las personas que no son hipertensas experimentan una reducci\u00f3n dr\u00e1stica de la tensi\u00f3n arterial cuando los toman por la noche en lugar de por la ma\u00f1ana. Tomar este f\u00e1rmaco en el momento adecuado puede evitar muchos de los infartos nocturnos que se observan en los no adictos.<\/p>\n

El ritmo circadiano de una persona, ya sea hipertensa o no hipertensa, puede influir enormemente en los tratamientos y los horarios m\u00e1s eficaces. Podr\u00edan salvarse muchas vidas con unas simples pruebas para determinar c\u00f3mo cambia la tensi\u00f3n arterial de un paciente por la noche y aplicar despu\u00e9s una cronoterapia acorde con su tipo. Estos nuevos hallazgos ofrecen esperanzas tanto a las personas que luchan por controlar la hipertensi\u00f3n como al equipo m\u00e9dico que intenta ayudarlas.<\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tratar la hipertensi\u00f3n arterial y las enfermedades cardiovasculares puede ser todo un reto para los m\u00e9dicos modernos. Por desgracia, hay mucho en juego. En Estados Unidos, 720.000 personas sufren infartos de miocardio cada a\u00f1o, mientras que 60 millones padecen alg\u00fan tipo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Controlar la tensi\u00f3n arterial es muy importante para mantener un sistema […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":23511,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[204,208],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-61378","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-cronotipo-es","8":"category-salud-del-corazon","9":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTensi\u00f3n arterial, infartos y cronoterapia – Chronobiology.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"While new wonder drugs for hypertension hit the pharmaceutical market almost every year, many people still live with uncontrollably high blood pressure and the accompanying high risk of heart attack. 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